Beispiel für die Installation eines Rootservers bei Hetzner mit Gentoo Linux
Für jede Linux-Installation – und insbesondere für Gentoo – ist es wichtig die exakte Hardwarekonfiguration des Zielsystems inklusive aller Komponenten für die Treiber benötigt werden zu wissen. Die größte Schwierigkeit bei Installation eines Rootservers ist üblicherweise, dass man keinen Zugang zur Konsole hat und daher in manchen Situationen einen Umweg gehen muss. Beginnen sollte man jedoch jede Installation mit der Abfrage der Systemkomponenten. Dafür kann der Rootserver mit einem Rescue-System gestartet werden.
Hardware-Liste aus /var/log/dmesg des Rescue-Systems (Beispiel)
r8169 Gigabit Ethernet driver 2.2LK-NAPI loaded eth0: RTL8168b/8111b at 0xffffc2000000e000, 00:1d:92:39:5a:08, IRQ 19 r8169: eth0: link down r8169: eth0: link down r8169: eth0: link up r8169: eth0: link up 3ware Storage Controller device driver for Linux v1.26.02.002. 3ware 9000 Storage Controller device driver for Linux v2.26.02.008. ahci 0000:00:12.0: version 2.2 ACPI: PCI Interrupt 0000:00:12.0[A] -> GSI 22 (level, low) -> IRQ 22 ahci 0000:00:12.0: controller can't do 64bit DMA, forcing 32bit ahci 0000:00:12.0: AHCI 0001.0100 32 slots 4 ports 3 Gbps 0xf impl SATA mode ahci 0000:00:12.0: flags: ncq ilck pm led clo pmp pio slum part ata1.00: ATA-8: SAMSUNG HD403LJ, CT100-12, max UDMA7 ata1.00: 781422768 sectors, multi 16: LBA48 NCQ (depth 31/32) ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133 ata2: SATA link up 3.0 Gbps (SStatus 123 SControl 300) ata2.00: ATA-8: SAMSUNG HD403LJ, CT100-12, max UDMA7 ata2.00: 781422768 sectors, multi 16: LBA48 NCQ (depth 31/32) ata2.00: configured for UDMA/133 sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] 781422768 512-byte hardware sectors (400088 MB) sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Write Protect is off sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Mode Sense: 00 3a 00 00 sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] 781422768 512-byte hardware sectors (400088 MB) sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Write Protect is off sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Mode Sense: 00 3a 00 00 sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA sda: sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI disk sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] 781422768 512-byte hardware sectors (400088 MB) sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Write Protect is off sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Mode Sense: 00 3a 00 00 sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] 781422768 512-byte hardware sectors (400088 MB) sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Write Protect is off sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Mode Sense: 00 3a 00 00 sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA sdb: sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Attached SCSI disk powernow-k8: Found 2 AMD Athlon(tm) 64 X2 Dual Core Processor 5600+ processors (version 2.00.00) powernow-k8: 0 : fid 0x14 (2800 MHz), vid 0xa powernow-k8: 1 : fid 0x12 (2600 MHz), vid 0xc powernow-k8: 2 : fid 0x10 (2400 MHz), vid 0xe powernow-k8: 3 : fid 0xe (2200 MHz), vid 0x10 powernow-k8: 4 : fid 0xc (2000 MHz), vid 0x10 powernow-k8: 5 : fid 0xa (1800 MHz), vid 0x10 powernow-k8: 6 : fid 0x2 (1000 MHz), vid 0x12
Ausgabe von ‚lspci‘
root@rescue ~ # lspci 00:00.0 Host bridge: ATI Technologies Inc Unknown device 7910 00:01.0 PCI bridge: ATI Technologies Inc Unknown device 7912 00:07.0 PCI bridge: ATI Technologies Inc Unknown device 7917 00:12.0 SATA controller: ATI Technologies Inc SB600 Non-Raid-5 SATA 00:13.0 USB Controller: ATI Technologies Inc SB600 USB (OHCI0) 00:13.1 USB Controller: ATI Technologies Inc SB600 USB (OHCI1) 00:13.2 USB Controller: ATI Technologies Inc SB600 USB (OHCI2) 00:13.3 USB Controller: ATI Technologies Inc SB600 USB (OHCI3) 00:13.4 USB Controller: ATI Technologies Inc SB600 USB (OHCI4) 00:13.5 USB Controller: ATI Technologies Inc SB600 USB Controller (EHCI) 00:14.0 SMBus: ATI Technologies Inc SB600 SMBus (rev 14) 00:14.1 IDE interface: ATI Technologies Inc SB600 IDE 00:14.3 ISA bridge: ATI Technologies Inc SB600 PCI to LPC Bridge 00:14.4 PCI bridge: ATI Technologies Inc SB600 PCI to PCI Bridge 00:18.0 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K8 [Athlon64/Opteron] HyperTransport Technology Configuration 00:18.1 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K8 [Athlon64/Opteron] Address Map 00:18.2 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K8 [Athlon64/Opteron] DRAM Controller 00:18.3 Host bridge: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] K8 [Athlon64/Opteron] Miscellaneous Control 01:05.0 VGA compatible controller: ATI Technologies Inc Unknown device 791e 01:05.2 Audio device: ATI Technologies Inc Unknown device 7919 02:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168B PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet controller (rev 01)
Festplatten partitionieren
root@rescue ~ # fdisk /dev/sda root@rescue:~ # fdisk /dev/sdb
Einteilung:
| Partition | /dev/sda | /dev/sdb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | /boot | 64 | swap | 4096 |
| 2 | swap | 4096 | ||
| 3 | /tmp | 8196 | ||
| 4 | / | rest | ||
| 2 | /opt | rest | ||
Anlegen der Filesysteme
root@rescue ~ # mkfs.ext2 /dev/sda1 root@rescue ~ # mkfs.ext2 /dev/sda3 root@rescue ~ # mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda4 root@rescue ~ # mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb2
Einrichten und Aktivieren der Swap Partition
root@rescue ~ # mkswap /dev/sda2 root@rescue ~ # mkswap /dev/sdb1 root@rescue ~ # swapon /dev/sda2 root@rescue ~ # swapon /dev/sdb1
Mounten der Partitionen
root@rescue ~ # mkdir /mnt/gentoo root@rescue ~ # mount /dev/sda4 /mnt/gentoo root@rescue ~ # mkdir /mnt/gentoo/boot root@rescue ~ # mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/gentoo/boot root@rescue ~ # mkdir /mnt/gentoo/tmp root@rescue ~ # mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/gentoo/tmp root@rescue ~ # chmod 1777 /mnt/gentoo/tmp
Prüfen des Datums und ggf. Korrigieren
root@rescue ~ # date Fri Feb 1 11:23:20 CET 2008
Download eines Stage3 Tarballs
root@rescue ~ # cd /mnt/gentoo root@rescue /mnt/gentoo # links http://www.gentoo.org/main/en/mirrors.xml
Auspacken des Stage3 Tarballs
root@rescue /mnt/gentoo # tar xvjpf stage3-amd64-2007.0.tar.bz2
Download und Installieren von Portage
root@rescue /mnt/gentoo # links http://www.gentoo.org/main/en/mirrors.xml
Der Portage Tarball ist im Snapshots Unterverzeichnis zu finden
root@rescue /mnt/gentoo # tar xvjf /mnt/gentoo/portage-latest.tar.bz2 -C /mnt/gentoo/usr
Konfiguration der Compile Options
root@rescue /mnt/gentoo # vi /mnt/gentoo/etc/make.conf
# These settings were set by the catalyst build script that automatically
# built this stage.
# Please consult /etc/make.conf.example for a more detailed example.
CFLAGS="-march=athlon64 -O2 -msse3 -pipe"
CXXFLAGS="${CFLAGS}"
# This should not be changed unless you know exactly what you are doing. You
# should probably be using a different stage, instead.
CHOST="x86_64-pc-linux-gnu"
MAKEOPTS="-j3"
Auswählen eines schnellen Mirrors
root@rescue /mnt/gentoo # mirrorselect -i -o >> /mnt/gentoo/etc/make.conf root@rescue /mnt/gentoo # mirrorselect -i -r -o >> /mnt/gentoo/etc/make.conf root@rescue /mnt/gentoo # cat !$ cat etc/make.conf
# These settings were set by the catalyst build script that automatically
# built this stage.
# Please consult /etc/make.conf.example for a more detailed example.
CFLAGS="-march=athlon64 -O2 -msse3 -pipe"
CXXFLAGS="${CFLAGS}"
# This should not be changed unless you know exactly what you are doing. You
# should probably be using a different stage, instead.
CHOST="x86_64-pc-linux-gnu"
MAKEOPTS="-j3"
GENTOO_MIRRORS="http://gentoo.intergenia.de http://gentoo.mneisen.org/ http://pandemonium.tiscali.de/pub/gentoo/"
SYNC="rsync://rsync.europe.gentoo.org/gentoo-portage"
Kopieren der DNS Einstellungen
root@rescue /mnt/gentoo # cp -L /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/gentoo/etc/
Mounten der /proc und /dev Filesysteme
root@rescue /mnt/gentoo # mount -t proc none /mnt/gentoo/proc root@rescue /mnt/gentoo # mount -o bind /dev /mnt/gentoo/dev
Betreten der neuen Umgebung mit chroot
root@rescue /mnt/gentoo # chroot /mnt/gentoo /bin/bash rescue / # env-update >>> Regenerating /etc/ld.so.cache... rescue / # source /etc/profile rescue / # export PS1="(chroot) $PS1" (chroot) rescue / #
Konfiguration von Portage
(chroot) rescue / # emerge –-sync
Profile überprüfen mit:
(chroot) rescue / # ls -FGg /etc/make.profile lrwxrwxrwx 1 50 Feb 1 10:30 /etc/make.profile -> ../usr/portage/profiles/default-linux/amd64/2007.0/
USE Variable konfigurieren:
(chroot) rescue / # nano -w /etc/make.conf USE="-gnome -ipv6 -ldap -qt4 X a52 apache2 ctype encode exif flac ffmpeg gd gif jpeg jpeg2k kde libwww maildir mp3 mpeg mysql objc ogg opengl openntpd openssh pcre php posix png qt3 rtsp screen session shout snmp ssl stream theora tiff truetype unicode vhosts vlm vorbis vroot x264 xml"
Glibc Locales
(chroot) rescue / # nano -w /etc/locale.gen en_US ISO-8859-1 en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8 #ja_JP.EUC-JP EUC-JP #ja_JP.UTF-8 UTF-8 #ja_JP EUC-JP #en_HK ISO-8859-1 #en_PH ISO-8859-1 de_DE ISO-8859-1 de_DE@euro ISO-8859-15 #es_MX ISO-8859-1 #fa_IR UTF-8 #fr_FR ISO-8859-1 #fr_FR@euro ISO-8859-15 #it_IT ISO-8859-1 (chroot) rescue / # locale-gen
Zeitzone setzen
(chroot) rescue / # cp /usr/share/zoneinfo/MET /etc/localtime
Kernel Sourcecode installieren
(chroot) rescue / # emerge gentoo-sources
Manuelle Kernelkonfiguration…
cd /usr/src/linux make menuconfig usw… (chroot) rescue linux # make && make modules_install (chroot) rescue linux # cp arch/x86_64/boot/bzImage /boot/kernel-2008-02-01-A
Konfiguration des Systems
(chroot) rescue linux # nano -w /etc/fstab
/dev/sda1 /boot ext2 noauto,noatime 1 2 /dev/sda4 / ext3 noatime 0 1 /dev/sda3 /tmp ext2 noatime 0 1 /dev/sdb2 /opt ext3 noatime 0 1 /dev/sda2 none swap sw 0 0 /dev/sdb1 none swap sw 0 0 #/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom audo noauto,ro 0 0 #/dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy auto noauto 0 0
(chroot) rescue linux # nano -w /etc/conf.d/hostname (chroot) rescue linux # nano -w /etc/conf.d/net cat /etc/conf.d/net
# This blank configuration will automatically use DHCP for any net.* # scripts in /etc/init.d. To create a more complete configuration, # please review /etc/conf.d/net.example and save your configuration # in /etc/conf.d/net (this file :]!). config_eth0=( "dhcp" ) dhcp_eth0="nodns nontp nonis"
(chroot) rescue linux # rc-update add net.eth0 default * net.eth0 added to runlevel default (chroot) rescue linux # nano -w /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 pegasus.dmsp.de pegasus localhost
(chroot) rescue linux # passwd New UNIX password: Retype new UNIX password: passwd: password updated successfully (chroot) rescue linux # nano -w /etc/rc.conf (chroot) rescue linux # nano -w /etc/conf.d/clock
(set to UTC)
Installation von notwendigen Systemtools
(chroot) rescue linux # emerge syslog-ng (chroot) rescue linux # rc-update add syslog-ng default (chroot) rescue linux # emerge vixie-cron (chroot) rescue linux # rc-update add vixie-cron default (chroot) rescue linux # emerge dhcpcd
Bootloader installieren und konfigurieren
(chroot) rescue linux # emerge grub (chroot) rescue linux # nano -w /boot/grub/grub.conf cat /boot/grub/grub.conf
default 0 timeout 5 title RegularKernel root (hd0,0) kernel /boot/kernel-2008-02-01-A root=/dev/sda4
(chroot) rescue linux # grep -v rootfs /proc/mounts > /etc/mtab (chroot) rescue linux # grub --no-floppy grub> root (hd0,0) (Specify where your /boot partition resides) grub> setup (hd0) (Install GRUB in the MBR) grub> quit (Exit the GRUB shell)
Vorbereiten für Reboot und erstmaliges Remote-Einloggen ohne Rescue-System
(chroot) rescue linux # emerge openssh (chroot) rescue linux # rc-update add sshd default
System rebooten
exit cd umount /mnt/gentoo/boot umount /mnt/gentoo/tmp umount /mnt/gentoo/dev umount /mnt/gentoo/proc umount /mnt/gentoo reboot
Bei Problemen: Schnelleinstieg über das Rescue-System
mkdir /mnt/gentoo mount /dev/sda4 /mnt/gentoo mkdir /mnt/gentoo/boot mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/gentoo/boot mkdir /mnt/gentoo/tmp mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/gentoo/tmp chmod 1777 /mnt/gentoo/tmp chroot /mnt/gentoo /bin/bash env-update source /etc/profile export PS1="(chroot) $PS1"
Restliches System nach der USE-Variable generieren
emerge --update --newuse --deep world emerge mysql emerge proftpd emerge apache emerge net-snmp emerge icecast